DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and indirect speech digunakan untuk mengatakan/menceritakan kembali apa yang dikatakan seseorang kepada orang lain. Dalam Direct Speech/Kalimat Langsung kita mengulang kembali persis seperti apa yang dikatakan seseorang/apa yang kita dengar dengan tidak mengubah satu katapun.Misalnya: My sister said: “I have lost my money”.
Dalam Direct Speech, ucapan atau kata-kata yang diulang ditempatkan dalam tanda kutip dengan didahului oleh titik dua sesudah Reporting Verb. Kalimat langsung /Direct Speech biasanya digunakan pada percakapan-percakapan dalam buku-buku, sandiwara, drama, atau kutipan-kutipan.
Jika Direct speech di atas diubah ke dalam Indirect Speech akan menjadi:

My sister said that she had lost her money.

Berdasarkan contoh di atas jelas bahwa Simple Past Tense dalam tanda kutip berubah menjadi Past Perfect Tense dalam Indirect Speech.
Untuk mengubah Direct Speech ke dalam Indirect Speech yang perlu sekali diperhatikan adalah Reporting Verb dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka dalam Indirrect Speech tidak akan mengalami perubahan Tenses. Yang berubah hanya Pronoun-nya saja.

He says: “The first train will arrive early today”.
He says that the first train will arrive early today.

Jika Reporting Verb-nya dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense, Indirect Speech akan mengalami perubahan tenses sebagai berikut ini.
No. Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1 Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense
Linda said: “I buy my dictionary at the book shop”. Linda said that she bought her dictionary at the book shop.
2 Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous
She said: “I doing my English homework”. She said that she was doing her English homework.
3 Present Perfect Past Perfect Tense
John said: “I have finished doing my reports”. John said that he had finished doing his reports.
4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense
He said: “We have been living here for three years”. He said that they had been living there for three years.
5 Future Tense Past Future Tense
Laila said: “We will leave for Singapore”. Laila said that they would leave for Singapore.
6 Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Tense
He said: “I was reading an English novels”. He said that he had been reading English novels.
Selain perubahan tense jika Reporting Verb-nya dalam Simple Past Tense, keterangan waktu juga mengalami perubahan sebagai berikut ini.
No. Direct Indirect
1 Today That day
Father said: “I’ll be very busy today”. Father said that he would be very busy that day.
2 Yesterday The day before
He said: “I came to your house yesterday”. He said that he had come to my house the day before.
3 Tomorrow The following day / the next day
He promised: “I will return your books tomorrow”. He promised that he would return my books the next day.
4 Next week The following week
They said: “We will go to your house next week”. They said that they would come to my house the following week.
5 Next year The following year
She said: “I am going to America next year”. She said that she was going to America the following year.
6 Last week The previous week
He said to me: “I bought this dictionary last week”. He told me that he had bought that dictionary the previous week.
7 Last month The previous month
John said: “My father came back from Japan last month”. John said that his father had come back from Japan the previous month.
8 The day before yesterday Two days before
She said: “I sent my application letter the day before yesterday”. She said that she had sent her application letter two days before.


DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
Simple present - menjadi - Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech
Simple present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Simple past
Past continuous
Future
Present Indirect Speech
Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past
Past
Kekecualian :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech
this = ini
these = ini
come = datang
here = di sini, ke sini
hence = dari sini
hither = ke tempat ini
ago = yang lalu
now = sekarang
today = hari ini
tomorrow = besok
yesterday = kemarin
last night = tadi malam
next week = minggu depan
thus = begini
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”. Indirect Speech
that = itu
those = itu
go = pergi
there = di sana, ke sana
thence = dari sana
thither = ke tempat itu
before = lebih dahulu
then = pada waktu itu
that day = hari itu
next day = hari berikutnya
the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
the following week = minggu berikutnya
so = begitu
He said that he would go there
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb - Reported speech
Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?” Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?” Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
• command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
• precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
• request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
• entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
• prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
a) Command :
Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once
b) Precept :
Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
c) Request :
Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
d) Entreaty :
Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
e) Prohibition :
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.
4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)
Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say
atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,
pray dsb.
a) Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.
b) Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “
Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son